Latin Percussion LP179 Cyclops Mounted Tambourine – Black with Dimpled Brass Jingles

Overview

Latin Percussion LP179 Cyclops Mounted Tambourine – Black with Dimpled Brass Jingles — Latin Percussion

Indo-European language of the Italic branch Latin ( lingua Latina or Latinum [ I ] ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages . Latin was originally spoken by the Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio ), the lower Tiber area around Rome , Italy. [ 1 ] Through the expansion of the Roman Republic , it became the dominant language in the Italian Peninsula and subsequently throughout the Roman Empire . It has greatly influenced many languages, including English , having contributed many words to the English lexicon , particularly after the Christianisation of the Anglo-Saxons and the Norman Conquest .

Latin roots appear frequently in the technical vocabulary used by fields such as theology , the sciences , medicine , and law . By the late Roman Republic , Old Latin had evolved into standardised Classical Latin . Vulgar Latin refers to the less prestigious colloquial registers , attested in inscriptions and some literary works such as those of the comic playwrights Plautus and Terence [ 2 ] and the author Petronius . While often called a "dead language", [ 3 ] Latin did not undergo language death . Between the 6th and 9th centuries, natural language change in the vernacular Latin of different regions evolved into distinct Romance languages .

After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , Latin remained the common language of international communication , science, scholarship and academia in Europe into the early 19th century, by which time modern languages had supplanted it in common academic and political usage. Late Latin is the literary form of the language from the 3rd century AD onward. No longer spoken as a native language, Medieval Latin was used across Western and Catholic Europe during the Middle Ages as a working and literary language from the 9th century to the Renaissance , which then developed a classicising form, called Renaissance Latin . This was the basis for Neo-Latin , which evolved during the early modern period .

Latin was taught to be written and spoken at least until the late seventeenth century, when spoken skills began to erode; Contemporary Latin is generally studied to be read rather than spoken. Ecclesiastical Latin remains the official language of the Holy See and the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church . Latin grammar is highly fusional , with classes of inflections for case , number , person , gender , tense , mood , voice , and aspect . The Latin alphabet is directly derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets . A number of phases of the language have been recognised, each distinguished by subtle differences in vocabulary, usage, spelling, and syntax.

There are no hard and fast rules of classification; different scholars emphasise different features. As a result, the list has variants, as well as alternative names. In addition to the historical phases, Ecclesiastical Latin refers to the styles used by the writers of the Roman Catholic Church from late antiquity onward, as well as by Protestant scholars.

The earliest known form of Latin is Old Latin, also called Archaic or Early Latin, which was spoken from the Roman Kingdom , traditionally founded in 753 BC, through the later part of the Roman Republic , up to 75 BC, i.e. before the age of Classical Latin . [ 4 ] It is attested both in inscriptions and in some of the earliest extant Latin literary works, such as the comedies of Plautus and Terence . The Latin alphabet was devised from the Etruscan alphabet .

The writing later changed from what was initially either a right-to-left or a boustrophedon [ 5 ] [ 6 ] script to what ultimately became a strictly left-to-right script. [ 7 ] During the late republic and into the first years of the empire, from about 75 BC to AD 200, a new Classical Latin arose, a conscious creation of the orators, poets, historians and other literate men, who wrote the great works of classical literature , which were taught in grammar and rhetoric schools.

Today's instructional grammars trace their roots to such schools , which served as a sort of informal language academy dedicated to maintaining and perpetuating educated speech. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Philological analysis of Archaic Latin works, such as those of Plautus , which contain fragments of everyday speech, gives evidence of an informal register of the language, Vulgar Latin (termed sermo vulgi 'the speech of the masses', by Cicero ).

Some linguists, particularly in the nineteenth century, believed this to be a separate language, existing more or less in parallel with the literary or educated Latin, but this is now widely dismissed. [ 10 ] Key Features: – Italic Latino-Faliscan Latin – Connecticut 's Qui transtulit sustinet ("He who transplanted sustains"); – Kansas 's Ad astra per aspera ("Through hardships, to the stars"); – Colorado 's Nil sine numine ("Nothing without providence"); – Idaho 's Esto perpetua ("Let it be perpetual"); – Michigan 's Si quaeris peninsulam amoenam, circumspice ("If you seek a pleasant peninsula, look about you"), is based on that of Sir Christopher Wren , in St.

Paul's Cathedral ; – Missouri 's Salus populi suprema lex esto ("The health of the people should be the highest law"); – New York 's Excelsior ("Ever upward"); – North Carolina 's Esse Quam Videri ("To be rather than to seem"); – South Carolina 's Dum spiro spero ("While I breathe, I hope"); – Virginia 's Sic semper tyrannis ("Thus always to tyrants "); and – West Virginia 's Montani Semper Liberi ("Mountaineers [are] always free"). – Semper Paratus ("always ready"), the motto of the United States Coast Guard ; – Semper Fidelis ("always faithful"), the motto of the United States Marine Corps ; – Semper Supra ("always above"), the motto of the United States Space Force ;